“It often has been remarked that when a particular crisis in human affairs has required a certain type of ability to meet it the right man has appeared. Whether this is because there are latent powers in all of us which give those who become charged with responsibility the ability to respond by rising above themselves, it is impossible to decide. Perhaps it is enough to know that when the world has a work to do some one appears who is able to do it.

“It seems as though President Harding was preeminently fitted to serve the country in the disturbed and distraught period following the war. He had experience and ability, courage and patience, combined with a generous toleration and cheerful optimism that inspired confidence. He had a natural gift of expression which he had developed into an art. He understood the people and the people understood him. In composing a situation, in pacifying men, he was a master.

“Those qualities which were so much needed in our country and in the world he brought to the presidential office. When he began his term our domestic situation was chaotic. Credit was over extended. Commodity prices had experienced a perpendicular decline. Unemployment was extensive. Agriculture was prostrate. The national debt was enormous. War taxes prevailed. Government expenses were heavy. All kinds of business were in distress.

“Our foreign relations were precarious. We had rejected the treaty of Versailles but we had not made peace. We were engaged in building the greatest navy in the world. The islands in the Pacific ocean were a source of friction. Europe looked on us with suspicion.

Photo credit: Fineart America

“To deal with these problems President Harding summoned the Congress and kept it in session for nearly two years. The credit stringency was relieved by reviving the War Finance Corporation. Our markets were protected by enacting emergency tariff law. Labor was protected by restricting immigration. A Budget Bureau was established and a system of rigid economy was adopted. To discharge our obligations to ex-service men the Veterans’ Bureau was organized. A new internal revenue law reduced taxes hundreds of millions of dollars annually. A permanent tariff bull gave protection to our markets in harmony with the new conditions of world trade. Surplus war materials and treasury assets were converted into cash to pay expenses and reduce debts. Several billions of short term governmental obligations were paid or refunded. The shipping business and the railroad administration were put in the way of liquidation.

“While these measures were being adopted for our domestic benefit settlements of even greater magnitude were being made in the foreign field. Peace treaties were negotiated with those with whom we had been at war. A long standing difference with Colombia was generously composed. Diplomatic relations were resumed with Mexico. A commission was appointed under authority of the Congress to negotiate a settlement of our foreign debts under which an agreement was speedily made with Great Britain.

“In spite of a universally genuine desire for peace the world was engaging in a competitive race in armaments which was a source of expense and suspicion. To relieve humanity from this increasing menace President Harding called the historic Washington conference on the limitation of armaments. A preliminary treaty was drafted for the present and future settlement of differences among the many international interests in the Pacific Ocean. The British and Japanese alliance was terminated. The five great maritime powers then entered into a solemn covenant limiting most of the different types of warships in respect to number, tonnage, and armaments. When that treaty was signed it marked an epoch in history.

“Such in barest outline are some of the policies adopted under the leadership of President Harding for the restoration of the United States and the pacification of the world. Under this benign influence trade revived and a better international understanding prevailed. He would be the last to claim all the credit for these accomplishments. He had the loyal and patriotic cooperation of public men within and without his own party. All he could do through governmental agencies was to proceed in harmony with sound economic laws which would strengthen and support the recuperative power of the people in working out their own business revival. He had the advantages, too, of the deeply interested and watchful care of a wife who was ever devoted to his welfare and shared with him his burdens. No record of his work would satisfy him which failed to recognize the helpful influence of Mrs. Harding who sleeps here by his side.

The Harding Tombs inside the Memorial dedicated in 1931. Photo credit: Christopher Riley/Flickr

“Frequently he asserted that he desired his administration to be an era of good understanding. Conflicts between the government and business he believed should be removed. Differences between capital and labor he wished to see adjusted. There was no room in his broad sympathy for any taint of sectionalism. But chiefly he was determined to use his great office to the full extent of the powers to prevent future wars. He was for good understanding among nations. His vision was broad. His statesmanship was inclusive. It would be difficult to find any peace time period of little over two years when so much that was beneficial was accomplished as during his administration” — former President Calvin Coolidge, accepting the monument to President Harding at Marion, Ohio, June 16, 1931.

President Hoover and the Coolidges, joined by former Vice President Dawes and others present to dedicate the Harding Memorial, 1931.

The Harding Memorial, Marion, Ohio

President Coolidge addressing both houses of Congress, December 6, 1923.

“Our main problems are domestic problems. Financial stability is the first requisite of sound government. We cannot escape the effect of world conditions. We cannot avoid the inevitable results of the economic disorders which have reached all nations. But we shall diminish their harm to us in proportion as we continue to restore our government finances to a secure and endurable position. This we can and must do. Upon that firm foundation rests the only hope of progress and prosperity. From that source must come the relief for the people.

     “This is being accomplished by a drastic but orderly retrenchment, which is bringing our expenses within our means. The origin of this has been the determination of the American people, the main support has been the courage of those in authority, and the effective method has been the Budget System. The result has involved real sacrifice by department heads, but it has been made without flinching. This system is a law of the Congress. It represents your will. It mus be maintained, and ought to be strengthened by the example of your observance. Without a Budget System there can be no fixed responsibility and no constructive scientific economy…” — Calvin Coolidge, Annual Message to joint session of House and Senate, December 6, 1923.

Memorial Continental Hall, Washington: Where the departments of the federal government once met annually as the Business Organization of the Government to report on the previous year’s budget and prepare for the year to come in accordance with the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, that law establishing “a single, consolidated statement of federal finances as a whole.”

“We must have no carelessness in our dealings with public property or the expenditure of public money. Such a condition is characteristic either of an undeveloped people or of a decadent civilization. America is neither. It stands out strong and vigorous and mature. We must have an administration which is marked, not by the inexperience of youth, of the futility of age, but by the character and ability of maturity. We have had the self-control to put into effect the Budget System, to live under it and in accordance with it. It is an accomplishment in the art of self-government of the very highest importance. It means that the American Government is not a spend-thrift, and that it is not lacking in the force or disposition to organize and administer its finances in a scientific way. To maintain this condition puts us constantly on trial. It requires us to demonstrate whether we are weaklings, or whether we have strength of character. It is not too much to say that it is a measure of the power and integrity of the civilization which we represent. I have a firm faith in your ability to maintain this position, and in the will of the American people to support you in that determination. In that faith in you and them, I propose to persevere. I am for economy. After that I am for more economy. At this time and under present conditions, that is my conception of serving all the people…” — To the 7th regular Meeting of the Business Organization of Government, Memorial Continental Hall, June 30, 1924.

We cannot call ourselves mature, and continue to spend as we do through our national representatives. Our actions are not those of the strong and wise but unmistakable signs of the feeble and weak, dissolute and backward, alternating pathetically between the inexperience of youth and the futility of age. Our cowardice on spending has turned the art of self-government into Dorian Gray’s horrific portrait, as all the while we refuse to see the rot within and wish only to gaze upon that fair complexion we would that we could wear forever to cover the true cost of our deeds. We feel we can keep postponing our trial indefinitely and never face a final reckoning or ultimate accounting. We accelerate with the confidence that it will be someone else’s problem to pay the bill some day. Without the will of the American people, the courage of those sent to represent them, sincere recommitment to transparent Budgeting, and the unflinching sacrifice all of this requires of everyone, this confidence has a point and will only continue unchallenged and unchecked to the devastation of us all. On this path, we are the antithesis of civilization. Our carelessness will cost us everything we have, all those things upon which we rely now will wilt and die. They are already dying faster than we realize. No defense complex will save us then. Reelection chances, government pensions, committee seats, and fundraising goals will be the last of our worries at that hour. By seeking to live against borrowed time and to have against indebted means, we will find a reaping of what we have sown comes sooner than all our best-laid attempts to forestall it.

Old Cal saw it coming and did something about it in his day. Moreover, he took action during an unmistakably robust economic boom when government revenues and GDP could have easily furnished an excuse to do nothing about deficits or the debt problem at all. Yet, as we blissfully sit back and continue kicking the can down the road, we mock him as a do-nothing. What total disaster, right around the corner, will history record in our liability column which could have been avoided had we done a fraction of what Coolidge did to rein in run-away spending and restore discipline? Perhaps we should look in the mirror first and when we have taken inventory of what reflects back at us, we might just begin to exert half the measure of his focused effort and courageous action.

“The daily grind in Washington” by ‘Ding’ Darling, January 15, 1925. Reproduced courtesy of the “Ding” Darling Wildlife Society.

The landing of a man on the moon, remembered fifty years ago today, had crucial beginnings in the 1920s. Before Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin were even born, the Twenties witnessed the combination of some of the vital components to Apollo 11’s eventual success on July 20, 1969. “Without vision the people perish,” Scripture observes but before the vision cast by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nixon to focus American efforts on that goal, someone had to envision the parts and the plan to achieve it.

Traveling into the higher atmosphere, not to mention space travel itself, had long captured the imagination and sparked invention. To even begin to achieve the propulsion power necessary for breaking free of earth’s protective atmosphere, the energy required had to be rethought. Russian schoolteacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky would initiate a consideration of liquid over powder propellants in his book Rocket into Cosmic Space first published in 1903, exploring principles of rocket dynamics that would become essential guideposts through the experimentation of the 1920s. Of course, the Wright brothers would demonstrate that lifting off the earth’s surface in a heavier-than-air machine was now a reality. Likewise, just as Robert Esnault-Pelterie was presenting the concepts for potential space travel by rocket in 1913, Harold Arnold of Bell Telephones was refining the high-vacuum electronic amplifying tube that would take the ability to speak and be heard to heights which only a few years before had been deemed impossible even for Bell’s incredible telephone.

Photo credit: NASA.

Enter American college professor Robert H. Goddard, who would publish A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, explaining his extensive findings to the world, in 1919. World War I may have significantly halted exploration into rocket power but the following decade was more than ready to make up for lost time. It was Professor Hermann Oberth’s 1923 The Rocket to the Interplanetary Spaces, a detailed articulation of the basic formulas of mathematics and physics underlying what had yet to be proven with rocketry. It was that book which came into the hands of thirteen-year old Wernher von Braun, whose enthusiasm for rockets had already screamed its arrival into fruit stands, bakeries and just about everywhere he went. It was Professor Oberth’s book that transformed von Braun from a failing math student into an instructor and before long one of Oberth’s exceptional assistants. It was the passion behind the tedium, the purpose not just the form that entranced young Wernher. Popular fascination exploded into the 1920s as Professor Goddard would not only conduct the first successful launch of a liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926, but would go on to inspire still greater feats of engineering in the years to come. His inspiration upon Wernher alone was incalculable. While liquid fuel continued to spark the work of Goddard and others, German Max Valier would publish Thrusting into Space in 1928, popularizing further the potential of rocket propulsion. It seemed all the more exciting as Valier harnessed rockets to sleds and automobiles achieving previously unimaginable speeds. Fritz von Opel, John P. Stapp and Johannes Winkler would build on that delight in rocket-boosted technology. It was Fritz Stamer piloting Alexander Lippisch’s Ente (German: “Duck”) in 1928, a rocket-driven glider, that brought aviation together with where the rocket could go. It was at this same juncture that aviation was on the cusp of introducing metal-plating to aircraft beginning the transition away from canvas and cloth. It seemed the developments of the 1920s in aviation and rocketry had not only opened a universe of opportunities but had brought the prospect closer than ever before that humankind would some day step on the moon and even the planets beyond. Aviation with all its youthful energy was venturing into the transport of passengers and the transport of products, throwing wide the door to something far more than a novelty. United with rockets, where could that technology not venture for the better?

Professor Hermann Oberth sitting with Wernher von Braun as Dr. Charles Lundquist explains orbital trajectories. Photo credit: NASA, Alabama Bicentennial Commission.

Wernher von Braun

President Kennedy conferring with Wernher von Braun, May 19, 1963.

It was President Coolidge, by championing the accessibility of aviation’s continued development and innovation, even as the drums were beating to regulate the new industry beyond recognition or even consign it to military command and control, who helped in no insignificant way to protect the environment of creativity and experimentation. This was indispensable to the foundation on which later work would be based. Had Coolidge not helped keep the vision of Goddard, Oberth, and von Braun significantly freed to develop on its own without significant regulatory shackles in the Air Commerce Act of 1926, it is difficult to see how ignorant policymakers and ill-equipped bureaucrats (left to their own initiative or penchant for micromanagement) could have come up with comparable, let alone, superior results in aviation, rocket technology, or space travel in the decades that followed. Government obviously had a role from the outset, a clear partnership between the Commerce Department, the military, and the host of civilian thinkers and doers who helped lay the groundwork on which the Apollo landing and subsequent missions succeeded. It was no foregone conclusion that this was how it would start. It could have begun as the exclusive domain of military personnel or federal authorities shutting out private participants entirely. Coolidge understood it would not and could not succeed if so constituted, depriving it of the host of insights constantly unfolding in the work of engineers, scientists, and civilian technicians, any one of whom knew far more about the matter than he (or any otherwise competent public official) ever could under the best of circumstances. Great tasks benefit no less from the humble deference to informed judgment by others as a critical cornerstone for sound policy than they do from sound math and physics. Any great project always needs the freedom to adapt and adjust to make dreams reality and soar above the clouds. Coolidge knew that egos can kill the loftiest achievements. He innately understood also that government commissions and agencies are historically better at crushing the worthiest endeavors than of fostering a climate friendly to flexible problem-solving. By holding back the forces that could have thwarted these young technologies in their infancy, Coolidge helped ensure they remained capable of reaching higher heights than the eye could see at the time.

President Coolidge, opening the International Civil Aeronautics Conference, December 12, 1928. Photo credit: Library of Congress.

“Members of the Conference: This year will mark the first quarter century of the history of human flight. It has been a period of such great importance in scientific development that it seems fitting to celebrate it with appropriate form and ceremony. For that purpose this conference has been called, and to the consideration of the past record and future progress of the science of aeronautics, in behalf of the Government and people of the United States, I bid you welcome…How more appropriately could we celebrate this important anniversary than by gathering together to consider the strides made throughout the world in the science and practice of civil aeronautics since that day and to discuss ways and means of further developing it for the benefit of mankind?

“…What the future holds out even the imagination may be inadequate to grasp. We may be sure, however, that the perfection and extension of air transport throughout the world will be of the utmost significance to civilization.” — Calvin Coolidge, opening the International Civil Aeronautics Conference, December 12, 1928

Great deeds are always preceded by great ideas. Before great pilots like Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, there had to be visionaries like von Braun, Oberth, and Goddard. But there also had to be national leaders who helped cast the vision, focus effort, and encourage innovation among those closest to the problems and challenges of the quest. Just as Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nixon encouraged the conditions for the magnificent goal of reaching the moon, so Coolidge, forty years before them, stood firm at a time when it was most needed as an advocate for the technological ingenuity of the 1920s. It was that stand, done in his inimitably quiet and calm way, that helped the technical and engineering seeds take root in good soil and reach for the skies. Brought together by many brilliant minds and steady heads, the contributions of the 1920s were priceless to the journey that culminated atop the moon on this day fifty years ago.

Apollo 11 launching, July 16, 1969 at 9:32am.